Zoos have undergone significant transformation over the years. Originally, they began as private collections—known as menageries—owned by the wealthy to display their power, as exotic animals were symbols of status and prestige. By the 18th century, growing public interest in natural history and science increased zoos' popularity. However, their primary purpose remained entertainment, with animals housed in small, cramped enclosures that bore little resemblance to their natural habitats. Their physical and psychological needs were often neglected, and species were frequently housed together without consideration for compatibility or natural behaviour.
The Royal Menagerie in London, circa 1820. Elephant, lion, tiger, apes and parrots kept in cramped cages.
Illustration: Heritage Images/Corbis
A major shift occurred in 1907 with the opening of the first ‘barless zoo’ in Stellingen, Hamburg by Carl Hagenbeck. It was the first zoo to feature open-air enclosures without traditional cages, using moats and trenches to create naturalistic habitats and allow visitors to observe animals in a more realistic setting. The idea of the ‘environmental zoo’ soon spread worldwide, marking a turning point in zoo design.
Carl Hagenbeck’s Hamburg ‘panorama zoo’, circa 1920. Photograph: ullstein bild via Getty Images
Today, zoos prioritise education, research, and conservation while adhering to the highest standards of animal welfare. Modern zoos aim to protect endangered species, support wild populations, and raise public awareness about environmental threats. Leading institutions place wildlife at the heart of their mission, serving as centres for education, conservation, and exemplary animal care.
New Standards in 2025
In May 2025, updated zoo regulations introduced key requirements, including:
Enclosures must facilitate natural behaviours and minimise stress.
Education and conservation are now mandatory.
Tethering birds of prey will be phased out by 2030.
Golden Eagle Enclosure at Suffolk Owl Sanctuary
At the Suffolk Owl Sanctuary, we have already embraced many of these advancements. Since 2019, we have transitioned from tethering to free-lofting—housing birds in spacious aviaries to ensure unrestricted movement. Additionally, our dedicated education and conservation officers demonstrate our ongoing commitment to progressive animal welfare and public engagement.
Conservation Officer Amber, Ringing a young Kestrel
From symbols of prestige to leaders in conservation, zoos have evolved to reflect society’s growing understanding of animal welfare and ecological responsibility. The 2025 standards underscore this progress, ensuring zoos remain vital forces for education and species preservation. At the Suffolk Owl Sanctuary, we’re proud to contribute to this legacy - proving that ethical care and public engagement can go hand in hand.